High molecular weight products

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes the production of high molecular weight unsaturated esters of polyhydric alcohols and their derivatives.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the priority of the applicant's earlier filed application Ser. No. 026,858 filed Apr. 4, 1979.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to products and processes useful in the manufacture of synthetic resins.

2. Description of the Art Practices

Hydroformylation is basically defined as the addition of a formyl group through the reaction of an unsaturated compound with carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The basic technology for the manufacture of hydroformylated products and consequently their derivatives is amply set out hereinafter. Among the difficulties which must be met in the manufacture of hydroformylated products is the consideration that hydrogen gas, an explosive, and carbon monoxide, a hazardous material, are utilized in the process. Hydroformylation processes are also dependent on expensive metallic catalysts such as carbonyls which have high toxicity and high cost. The conditions for running a hydroformylation reaction also involve the use of substantial temperature and pressure thus necessitating costly equipment which must be maintained.

Thus due to the various factors and considerations which go into the manufacture of hydroformylated products and their derivatives it is essential that the reactions individually and cummulatively give high purity of the desired end product and high yield thereby avoiding excessive handling of hazardous materials while minimizing the high capital cost and maintenance of such production facilities.

In the past several attempts have been made to prepare hydroformylated products or similar materials such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,437,600 to Gresham et al issued Mar. 9, 1948. The Gresham patent relates to the synthesis of organic oxygen containing compounds, in particular aldehydes. U.S. Pat. No. 2,533,276 to McKeever et al issued Dec. 12, 1950 describes ester-acetals obtained with cobalt catalysts. U.S. Pat. No. 2,599,468 to McKeever issued June 3, 1952 describes the process of preparing nonadecyl glycols.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,040,090 issued June 19, 1962 to Alderson et al discusses the reaction of hydrocarbons with aldehydes and higher alcohols in methanol to prepare organic oxy compounds. The Alderson et al patent sets forth a number of metallic catalysts which may be employed in effecting the reactions described therein.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,043,871 issued July 10, 1962 to Buchner et al the production of heptadecane-dicarboxylic acid is described. Foreman et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,640 issued Jan. 4, 1966 describes the production of olefinically unsaturated alcohols which are of use in manufacturing some of the end products of the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 3,420,898 issued to Van Winkle et al on Jan. 7, 1969 discusses the use of cobalt complexes with certain phosphine compounds in the production of primary alcohols with carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,190 issued Sept. 22, 1970 to Olivier discusses hydrocarbonylation of olefins using certain metal salts. The foregoing reference also discusses the recovery of the complexed metal catalyst. In a patent to Ramsden issued Jan. 16, 1973 as U.S. Pat. No. 3,711,560, the production of polyolefins and other oxygenated organic compounds which are polyunsaturated is discussed.

In U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,459 issued Jan. 22, 1974 to Frankel a process is described for converting unsaturated vegetable oil into formyl products which are subsequently reduced to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivative or oxidized to the corresponding carboxy products. U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,442 issued Aug. 12, 1975 to Friedrich discusses a complementary system to that of the Frankel patent whereby rhodium catalysts are recovered from the spent hydroformylation reactants. Frankel, again in U.S. Pat. No. 3,928,231, issued Dec. 23, 1975 discusses a process of preparing carboxy acid products in high yields while minimizing isomerization of the starting unsaturated vegetable oil. Miller et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,637 issued June 6, 1978 discusses the use of formyl stearic acid to prepare bis acyloxymethylstearic acid which is stated to be useful as a plasticizer.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,332 issued Jan. 6, 1976 to Wilkes discusses hydroformylation reactions in which the destructive disassociation of the catalyst is inhibited by the presence of organic nitrogen compounds. Reichspatentamt Patentschrift 745,265 to Mannes et al published Mar. 1, 1944 discusses the preparation of dicarboxylic acids and their salts. In Bundesrepublik Deutschland Pat. No. 965 697 issued June 13, 1957 to Blaser and Stein the reaction of unsaturated alcohols and their derivatives with metal carbonyls and carbon monoxide is discussed. A by-product which is obtained through the technology of Blaser et al includes substantial amounts of monoformylated product. Similarly a formylation technique which results in a monoformylated product when using unsaturated alcohols is discussed in an article by Ucciani et al in the Bull. Soc. Chim. (France) 1969 p. 2826-2830. Similarly Bundesrepublik Pat. No. 1,054,444 published Apr. 9, 1959 to Wandmann and Stein discusses the treatment of unsaturated fatty substances with formaldehyde in the presence of a carboxylic anhydride and an acidic catalyst to provide formyl products.

Substantial work has been done on the production of various hydroformylated products by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture at both the Eastern and Western Regional Research Laboratories. For example, in an article by Roe entitled "Branched Carboxylic Acids from Long-Chain Unsaturated Compounds and Carbon Monoxide at Atmospheric Pressure" published at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 37, p. 661-668 (1960). The production by direct carboxylation at atmospheric pressure of unsaturated acids with carbon monoxide or formic acid is discussed. The hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty esters is discussed by Frankel et al of J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 46, p. 133-138 (1968). Frankel has also reported a selective catalyst system for the hydroformylation of methyl oleate utilizing rhodium catalyst in the presence of triphenylphosphine in an article entitled "Methyl 9(10)-Formylstearate by Selective Hydroformylation of Oleic Oils" at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 48, p. 248-253 (1971).

In a paper presented at the American Oil Chemists' Society meeting in Atlantic City, N.J. in 1971, Dufek et al discusses the esterification and transesterification of dicarboxylic acids under the title "Esterification and Transesterification of 9(10)-Carboxystearic Acid and Its Methyl Esters". The foregoing article was published at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 49 (5) p. 302-306 (1972). Frankel, again, discusses the use of specific catalysts to obtain hydroformylated products in an article titled "Selective Hydroformylation of Polyunsaturated Fats With a Rhodium-Triphenylphosphine Catalyst", J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 49, p. 10-14 (1972). Friedrich at Vol. 17, No. 3 of Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. (1978) presents an article entitled "Low-Pressure Hydroformylation of Methyl-Oleate With an Activated Rhodium Catalyst".

Pryde, working with Frankel and Cowan discuss hydroformylation via the oxo reaction, Koch carboxylation and Reppe carbonylation in an article entitled "Reactions of Carbon Monoxide with Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Derivatives: A Review", reported at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 49, p. 451-456 (1972).

Friedrich discusses the hydroformylation of unsaturated esters combined with catalyst recovery in an article entitled "Hydroformylation of Methyl Oleate with a Recycled Rhodium Catalyst and Estimated Costs for a Batch Process" at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 50, p. 455-458 (1973). A similar area of technology is also reported by Frankel et al in an article entitled "Hydroformylation of Methyl Linoleate and Linolenate with Rhodium-Triphenylphosphine Catalyst" from I&EC Product Research & Development, Vol. 12, p. 47-53 (1973).

Certain condensation polymers prepared from pentaerythritol acetal derivatives are reported in an article "Poly(Amide-Acetals) and Poly(Ester-Acetals) from Polyol Acetals of Methyl (9(10)-Formylstearate: Preparation and Physical Characterization" reported at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 53, p. 20-26 (1976). Compounds obtained through hydroformylation technology useful as plasticizers are discussed in a Frankel et al article entitled "Acyl Esters from Oxo-Derived Hydroxymethylstearates as Plasticizers for Polyvinyl Chloride" printed in the J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 52, p. 498-504 (1975).

Friedrich in an article entitled "Oxidation of Methyl Formylstearate with Molecular Oxygen" at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 53, p. 125-129 (1976) reports the use of air or oxygen to form methyl carboxystearate from methyl formylstearate in an emulsion with a soluble rhodium complex. The reuse of catalyst in hydroformylation reactions is described by Awl in an article entitled "Hydroformylation with Recycled Rhodium Catalyst and One-Step Esterification-Acetalation: A Process for Methyl 9(10)-Methoxymethylenestearate from Oleic Acid" which is printed in J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 53, p. 190-195 (1976).

Useful diols for resin purposes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,933,477 issued Apr. 19, 1960 to Hostettler. Nonadecanediols are described as being utilized in urethane formulations in U.S. Pat. No. 3,243,414 to DeWitt et al issued Mar. 29, 1966. The production of triols which are not particularly useful in resins due to the close positioning of the hydroxyl groups is reported in Improved Synthesis of 1,1,1-trimethylolalkanes from Hexanal and Nonanol J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 45, p. 517 (July 1968) by Moore and Pryde.

Frankel et al in a paper entitled Catalytic Hydroformylation and Hydrocarboxylation of Unsaturated Fatty Compounds at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 54, p. 873A (1977) also describes formylation technology. Frankel also describes the use of carbonyl metallic compounds in hydroformylations in an article entitled "Catalytic Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Fatty Derivatives with Cobalt Carbonyl" at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 53, p. 138-141 (1976). The use of esters of various carboxystearic acids is discussed by Dufek et al in an article entitled "Some Esters of Moo-, Di-, and Tricarboxystearic Acid as Plasticizers: Preparation and Evaluation" at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 53, p. 198-203 (1976). Dufek et al also report catalyst recovery in an article entitled "Recovery of Solubilized Rhodium from Hydroformylated Vegetable Oils and Their Methyl Esters" in J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 54, p. 276-278.

Frankel discusses hydroformylation generally in an article entitled Selective Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters an Anals N.Y. Academy of Sciences 214:79 (1973). Catalyst technology is reviewed at Recent Developments in Hydroformylation Catalysis in Catal. Rev. 6 (1) page 49 et seq. (1972).

Dufek alone at J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 55, p. 337-339 (1978) reports on the conversion of methyl 9(10) formylstearate in an article entitled "Conversion of Methyl 9(10)-Formylstearate to Carboxymethylstearate".

Acetal esters obtainable through hydroformylation technology are reported by Adlof et al in an article entitled "Preparation and Selective Hydrolysis of Acetal Esters" at J. Am. Oil Chemists" Soc. 54, p. 414-416 (1977). Selective catalyst systems are again reported by Frankel in the J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc. 54, p. 873a-881a (1977) in an article entitled "Catalytic Hydroformylation and Hydrocarboxylation and Unsaturated Fatty Compounds".

The plasticization of polyvinylchloride resins is also reported in patent applications and coded P.C. 6333 and 6375 bearing respectively the titles "Acetoxymethyl Derivatives of Polyunsaturated Fatty Triglycerides as Primary Plasticizers for Polyvinylchloride", and "Alkyl 9,9(10,10)-Bis(acyloxymethyl) octadecanoates as Primary Plasticizers for Polyvinylchloride".

Each of the foregoing to the extent that it is applicable to the present invention is herein incorporated by reference.

The basic purpose of the present invention is to describe as end products the preparation of high molecular weight polyhydric alcohols and their useful urethane reaction products formed by the condensation of the polyhydric alcohol with a polyisocyanate. Of course several other uses of the technology embodied in this patent are readily apparent.

Throughout the specification and claims of the present invention percentages and ratios are by weight and temperatures are in degrees of Celsius unless otherwise indicated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes the unsaturated esters of an alcohol of the formula:

    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.m [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.p [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.q (CH.sub.2).sub.r [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.s (CH.sub.2).sub.t CH.sub.2 OH

wherein n plus q plus s are integers the sum of which is from 1 to 3; t is 3 or greater; and m through t are integers the sum of which is from 12 to 20.

A useful variation of the present invention is obtained by preparing the unsaturated esters of a diol of the formula:

    H(CH.sub.2).sub.h CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.k CH.sub.2 OH

wherein the sum of h plus k which are non-zero integers is from 12 to 20.

In particular the acrylate and methacrylate esters of the above compounds are preferred.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The products of the present invention are formed through hydroformylation which is the process for the production of aldehydes from olefinically unsaturated compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. The aldehydes produced generally correspond to the compounds obtained by the addition of a hydrogen and a formyl group to an olefinically unsaturated group in the starting material thus saturating the olefinic bond.

The useful products of the present invention are prepared by hydroformylating an unsaturated alcohol of the formula

    H(CH.sub.2).sub.a (CH═CH).sub.b (CH.sub.2).sub.c (CH═CH).sub.d (CH.sub.2).sub.e (CH═CH).sub.f (CH.sub.2).sub.g CH.sub.2 OH

where hereinafter (1) a and g are not equal to 0; (2) the integers b plus d plus f are equal to y which has a value of from 1 to 3; (3) the sum of integers a plus c plus e plus g is equal to x; and (4) x plus 2y is equal to from 13 to 21; (5) m through t are integers the sum of which is from 12 through 20. (6) n plus q plus s are 1 through 3, and; (7) n, q, and s are 0 or 1, preferably such that the sum of m through t is from 14 to 18 and x plus 2y is 15 to 19; and (8) k and t are each 3 or greater. A second preferred embodiment is where n, p, r, and s are 0 and m plus t is 11 through 19. Preferably m, t, h and k each are 4, 5, or 6 or greater and also it is preferred that n and s are zero and q is 1.

Most preferably the starting new material is oleyl alcohol although linoleyl or linolenyl alcohol may be employed. It is of course noted that any number of synthetic unsaturated alcohols may also be employed in the present invention. However, for most purposes the naturally occuring alcohols derived from plant sources are presently most convenient and inexpensive.

The unsaturated alcohol is reacted with hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide in the presence of a rhodium catalyst as later described to form the corresponding formyl alcohol having the formula

    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.m [CH(CHO)].sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.p [(CH(CHO)].sub.q (CH.sub.2).sub.r [CH(CHO)].sub.s (CH.sub.2).sub.t CH.sub.2 OH

wherein the various subscript members are as previously described.

The addition of hydrogen and a carbon monoxide is accomplished in practice by conveniently adding stoichiometric amounts of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide to give the formyl alcohol. To assure completeness of the reaction the amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide may be each maintained at from about 1.5:0.5 to about 0.5:1.5 molar ratio to one another. It is noted that the ratio is not critical as long as the pressure is maintained in the reaction vessel by the component gases and that the amount of hydrogen is not so great as to substantially reduce the unsaturated starting material.

The rhodium catalyst as later described is necessary in the hydroformylation reaction in that it has been found that the use of the more conventional cobalt catalyst results in a substantial amount of cross-linking gelation. It is believed that the gelation is due to the coproduction of polyhemiacetals and polyacetals in competition with the production of the hydroformylated alcohol. It was as first believed by the author that it would be necessary, even with a rhodium catalyst, to employ the ester of the unsaturated alcohol e.g. oleyl acetate to avoid the unwanted by-products. Of course the ester is more expensive and eventually is converted to the alcohol in any event.

Higher yields of product are obtained through the use of the rhodium catalysts than if a cobalt catalyst is employed. It has also been observed that a much higher degree of isomerization of the double bond occurs with a cobalt catalyst than with a rhodium catalyst.

The conditions for pressure and temperature during the hydroformylation are conveniently conducted at from about 90 degrees C. to about 170 degrees C., preferably from about 110 degrees C. to about 130 degrees C. Above the higher temperatures listed above increased amounts of unwanted byproducts are formed in the reaction mixture. The pressure conditions are such that the pressure in the sealed system is maintained at from about 20 to about 500 atmospheres, preferably from about 30 to about 100 atmospheres absolute during the hydroformylation.

The preferred end product obtained from conducting the foregoing process is 9(10) formyl octadecanol when the starting material is oleyl alcohol. The positioning of the 9(10) indicates that the product obtained is a mixture of the 9 and 10 isomer with respect to the formyl group. One additional reason for using a rhodium catalyst is that if a cobalt catalyst were employed a considerable amount of terminal aldehyde would be formed due to bond migration prior to the addition of the formyl group. When the terminal aldehyde group is formed the resultant alcohol obtained by carrying out the remainder of the herein described process is unsuitable for many of the purposes that the geminal alcohols may be utilized for.

It should also be appreciated that if 9,12-linoleyl alcohol is the starting material then the formyl alcohol so formed will be a 9(10), 12(13) diformyloctadecanol. That is, the end product obtained here will actually be a mixture of the 9-12, 9-13, 10-12, 10-13 diformyl alcohols. Similarly without discussing all the particular isomers present when 9,12,15-linolenyl alcohol is employed the product so obtained will be a mixture of the 9(10), 12(13), 15,(16) triformyloctadecanol isomers.

It is particularly important that the expensive rhodium catalyst is recovered. This may be conveniently done by distillation of the formyl alcohol leaving the rhodium in the residue. What is particularly surprising is that the rhodium can be recovered from the distillate in that the art would predict that when hydroformylating an unsaturated alcohol that the products obtained would include considerable quantities of polyhemiacetals and polyacetals as a portion or all of the reaction product and that these products would not be recoverable by distillation. Thus not only is the desired end product achieved in a high degree of purity and yield through the use of the rhodium catalyst but the rhodium catalyst is recoverable in extremely high quantities from the reaction mixture.

It should also be emphasized that if the polyhemiacetals and polyketals were formed in the reaction mixture that it is very likely that the reaction components would undergo a great change in viscosity to the point of forming a semi-solid product due to the extensive cross-linking of the acetal and ketal linkages. Thus a substantial reason exists for avoiding the polyhemiacetal and polyacetal formation through the use of a rhodium catalyst.

It may be stated that the polyacetal and polyhemiacetal formation might be prevented by the utilization of the corresponding unsaturated acid or its ester in place of the unsaturated alcohol. However, this substitution which eventually involves the acid ester is undesirable in that an aqueous neutralization step is required which forms a soap as a byproduct. The soap so formed then emulsifies the reaction products and the water present to make separation extremely difficult thus diminishing recovery of both the alcohol and the expensive catalyst. Thus the present invention is highly selective to both the unsaturated alcohol and the particular rhodium catalyst so employed.

Any convenient source of rhodium may be employed as in the present reaction mixture the rhodium catalyst is actually converted through the presence of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide into its active form which is a rhodium carbonyl hydride. Conveniently, the source of rhodium for use in the rhodium catalyst may be rhodium metal, rhodium oxide, and various other rhodium salts such as rhodium chloride, rhodium dicarbonyl chloride dimer, rhodium nitrate, rhodium trichloride and other similar materials.

The rhodium catalyst in the present hydroformylation reaction is preferably present with a ligand such as a trisubstituted phosphine or trisubstituted phosphite. The term trisubstituted includes both alkyl and aryl compounds and the substituted compounds of the alkyl and aryl compounds. A particularly valuable ligand for the rhodium carbonyl hydride is triphenylphosphite or triphenylphosphine in that both compounds are particularly useful in minimizing migration of the double bond thereby avoiding a large number of isomers with respect to the formyl group including the undesired terminal formyl compound as previously discussed. In general triaryl phosphines or triarylphosphites may be used for this purpose in the formation of the rhodium carbonyl hydride ligand. In addition, the foregoing materials are extremely valuable in minimizing the undesired reaction of saturation of the double bond or the reduction formyl group. This frequently occurs in the absence of such ligands because the rhodium catalyst functions excellently as a hydrogenation catalyst. That is the ligand tends to eliminate such side reactions.

In general anyone of several other additional ligands may be used with the rhodium catalyst. Such additional ligands are discussed in the Selective Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters by Frankel in the Annals N.Y. Acadamy of Sciences 214:79 (1973).

The various ligands are conveniently employed in mole ratio to the rhodium metal content of the catalyst of from about 2 to 50 preferably from about 3 to 20. The rhodium catalyst based upon its metal content is conveniently employed in catalytic amounts preferably from about 20 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, most preferably from about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm by weight of the unsaturated alcohol.

The various formyl alcohols are useful as previously stated in preparing the highly desired gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohols. The alcohols may be formed from the foregoing formyl alcohols via a Tollens' reaction (aldol condensation followed by a crossed-Cannizzaro reaction).

Schematically the Tollens' reaction is as described below.

    RCH(CHO)R+HCHO .sup.weak base RC(CHO) (CH.sub.2 OH)--R     (I)

    (I)+HCHO+MOH→RC(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 R+HCO.sub.2 M

wherein the above formula R indicates an organic moiety, compound (I) is a hydroxymethyl aldehyde and MOH is a strong base.

The Tollens' reaction is thus carried out by reacting one mole of a monoformylated alcohol with two moles of formaldehyde in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. Where the formyl alcohol contains more than one formyl group, two moles of formaldehyde are required for each formyl group present. Thus if the reactant is formyloctadecanol then two moles of formaldehyde are required for conversion to the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol whereas if linoleyl alcohol is utilized in the first instance to give a diformyloctadecanol then four moles of formaldehyde are required to obtain the di-geminaloctadecanol. Conveniently an excess of up to 1.5 preferably up to 1.2 times the amount of formaldehyde actually required to form the corresponding gem-bis(hydroxmyethyl) alcohol is employed in the present invention. A convenient manner of adding the formaldehyde in the Tollens' reaction is by using a methanol solution of formaldehyde.

The Tollens' reaction utilizes a strong base as both a reactant and a catalyst. Such strong bases include sodium, potassium or calcium hydroxide. Other strong bases such as carbonates or other hydroxides may be used as well. The strong base is conveniently employed on an equivalent basis per formyl group to convert the formyl group to the hydroxyl methyl group. The amount of base required in the Tollens' reaction is at least an equivalent of that required preferably up to 1.5, most preferably up to 1.2 equivalents. The Tollens' reaction is conducted at a temperature of from about 0 degrees C. to about 100 degrees C., preferably from about 20 degrees C. to about 70 degrees C.

The crude gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol so formed is washed with water to remove any excess caustic and salts formed and then obtained in a relatively pure state by vacuum drying.

In obtaining the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol of the present invention the crossed-Cannizzaro reaction predominates over the rate of reaction for the simple Cannizzaro reaction. The Cannizzaro reaction which is promoted by base, water, and heat is the process by which an aldehyde reacts with itself to form the corresponding alcohol and formate salt. That is, in the present invention the formyl group on the formyl alcohol reacts faster with formaldehyde to give the alcohol than does the formaldehyde react with itself.

It is also surprising that the formation of hemiacetal which may be acid or base catalyzed does not occur upon the addition of base to the formyl alcohol while forming the intermediate hydroxymethyl formyl alcohol. Thus two potential side reactions, the Cannizzaro and the hemiacetal formation (and thereafter the acetal) which might be expected given the reactants and the processing conditions involved do not in fact occur and the useful alcohol is obtained in substantial quantities.

It has been found, however, in the present invention that the more complicated crossed-Cannizzaro surprisingly predominates in rate and amount of product (gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol) produced despite the steric hinderance of the larger formyl alcohol molecule even under conditions which are known to promote the simple Cannizzaro reaction.

An alternative method of accomplishing the formation of the geminal alcohol is to use only about one-half the equivalent amount of the formaldehyde required in the Tollens' reaction thereby forming the corresponding hydroxymethyl formyl alcohol via the aldol condensation. That is, the hydroxmethyl group is attached to the carbon in the alpha position to the formyl group. Where a polyformyl alcohol is the intermediate product the formaldehyde is halved from that utilized in the Tollens' reaction to give the corresponding polyhydroxymethyl polyformyl alcohol.

This variation of forming the geminal alcohol eliminates the need for the strong base required in the Tollens' reaction and utilizes instead only catalytic amounts of base which may be either a weak or strong base. A preferred weak base is triethylamine. Even here some care must be taken as it is possible even when using a weak base to obtain compound (I) as the Cannizzaro reaction may compete with the aldol condensation.

The hydroxymethyl formyl alcohol so formed by this alternative route is then reduced to the alcohol conveniently by using hydrogen gas and a suitable hydrogenation catalyst such as copper chromite, or nickel, via conventional hydrogenation practice or by lithium aluminum hydride production. A significant advantage to the alternative route is the absence of large amounts of salt and solvents needed in the Tollens' reaction route.

A distinct advantage in the geminal alcohol of the present invention is that it is a liquid at room temperature and further has no tertiary hydrogens which are a weak point for chemical attack on the molecule.

A mixture of the diol and the geminal alcohol is obtained by reacting the unsaturated alcohol to obtain the corresponding formyl alcohol. Thereafter the formyl alcohol is split into two streams, the first of which is processed as previously discussed to give the geminal alcohol while the second stream is reduced by hydrogenation to give the diol. The hydrogenation is generally carried out as discussed in the alternative route for preparing the geminal alcohol. The diol and the geminal alcohol are then recombined in the desired proportions which are preferably in a weight ratio of from about 2.1 to about 1:100 more preferably from about 1:1 to about 1:75. The preferred value for the sum of h and k is from 14 to 48. The liquid nature of the geminal alcohol aids in solublizing the normally solid diol thus giving a product which is easy to compound.

The products of the present invention are useful in preparing unsaturated esters. Among the products which may be obtained from the alcohols are the acrylate and methacrylate esters.

The unsaturated esters are conveniently formed using the corresponding unsaturated acid halide such as acryloyl chloride in a sufficient amount to form the ester. An excess of the acid halide may be used to ensure substantial completion of the reaction. This amount may be up to a full equivalent excess. It may alternatively be desired to use less than an equivalent amount of the acid halide thereby ensuring that some free hydroxyl functionality will be retained which is useful in obtaining cross-linking in urethane cures as later discussed. It has been observed that small amounts of product are obtained through the use of the unsaturated acid but that this route is not preferred.

As noted above the unsaturated esters may be employed as cross-linking agents with isocyanates to give urethanes which are also radiation curable. The unsaturated esters may also be used as reactive diluents such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,600 issued to Skinner et al. which is herein incorporated by reference.

A further aspect of the present invention requires the presence of an organic polyisocyanate compound. That is to assure a proper degree of cross-linking with the saturated polyol the isocyanate must by definition contain at least two isocyanate functional groups. Preferably the polyisocyanate will contain from two to five, most preferably two or three isocyanate functional groups in the molecule.

Suitable polyisocyanates include ethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, propylene-1,2-diisocyanate, ethylidene diisocyanate, cyclopentylene-1,3-diisocyanate, the 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanates, the 1,3- and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanates, polymethylene polyphenylene-isocyanates, the 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanates, the 1,3- and 1,4-xylylene diisocyanates, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane, 4,4'-diphenyl-propane diisocyanates, bis(2-isocyanatoethyl) carbonate, 1,8-diisocyanato-p-methane, 1-methyl-2,4-diisocyanato-cyclohexane, the chlorophenylene diisocyanates, naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate triphenylmethane-4,4',4"-triisocyanate, isopropylbenzenealpha-4-diisocyanate, 5,6-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene diisocyanate, 5,6-diisocyanatobutylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and similar polyisocyanates.

Of particular interest in the present invention are trimethylene hexamethyl diisocyanate available from VEBA, heptadecyl (C17) diisocyanate, DDI 1410 an aliphatic C-36 diisocyanate available from General Mills Chemicals, Inc. (generally diisocyanates having from 12 to 40 carbons in the aliphatic radical may be used in the present invention), toluene diisocyanate available from Allied Chemical, isophorone diisocyanate available from VEBA and Desmodur N an aliphatic triisocyanate available from Mobay. Desmodur N is more particularly defined the tri-isocyanate adduct of 3 moles of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water having an isocyanate equivalent weight as later defined of 191 grams. Other adducts or prepolymers of the polyisocyanate include Desmodur L and Mondur CB which are adducts of toluene diisocyanate. The foregoing materials have an isocyanate equivalent weight of approximately 250 grams.

The amount of the polyisocyanate utilized in forming a urethane composition is expressed as a percentage equivalent weight basis with respect to the hydroxy functionalities of the unsaturated esters. Desirably each hydroxyl functional group on the ester will react on a 1:1 stoichiometric basis with the isocyanate functionality on the polyisocyanate compound. It is quite feasible however, to form the urethane linkage using from about 80% to 120% the unsaturated esters. Desirably each hydroxyl functional group on the ester will react on a 1:1 stoichometric basis with the isocyanate functionality on the polyisocyanate compound. It is quite feasible however to form the urethane linkage using from about 80% to 120% preferably from about 95% to 105% on a hydroxyl-isocyanate equivalent basis of the polyisocyanate.

To determine the amount of the polyisocyanate required for a given unsaturated ester the hydroxyl or isocyanate equivalent weight of the respective ester or polyisocyanate is determined as that weight in grams of the material which contains 1 gram equivalent weight of the respective functional group. More particularly to determine the number of equivalents in a given ester the hydroxyl value is first determined by known methods and reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide. The calculation to determine the hydroxyl equivalents is then given by the following equation: ##EQU1## where 56,100 is the milligram equivalent weight of potassium hydroxide.

Alternatively if the weight percentage of the hydroxyl groups in the ester is known the hydroxyl equivalent is determined as follows: ##EQU2## where 17 is the equivalent weight of the hydroxyl radical and the weight percent OH is the percentage of the unsaturated ester which is hydroxyl groups.

In similar fashion the isocyanate equivalent may be determined if the weight percent of the isocyanate functional groups in the polyisocyanate is known. This equation is given below where 42 is the molecular weight of an isocyanate functional group and the weight percent NCO is that portion of polyisocyanate made up of isocyanate functional groups. ##EQU3##

UTILIZATION

The compositions of the present invention comprising the unsaturated ester, and optionally the polyisocyanate are applied to substrates such as wood, metal, paper, or plastics by any convenient method such as knife blade, brush, or spray. The coated surface is then exposed to sufficient radiation which may be either particulate or non-particulate radiation to cure the reactive diluent through the radiation sensitive pi bonds. Suitable sources of particulate and non-particulate ionizing radiation include ultraviolet light or radioactive sources such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,935,330 issued Jan. 27, 1976 to Smith et al. To enhance the rate of radiation curing of the reactive diluent free radical initiators may be included in the composition such as benzoin, benzoin ethers, Michler's Ketone and chlorinated polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Other free radical initiators are ordinarily organic peroxides, hydroperoxides, per acids, per esters, azo compounds, ditertiary butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (hydroperoxy)-hexane, peracetic acid perbenzoic acid, tertiary butyl peroxypivalate, tertiary butyl peracetic acid and azo-bis-isobutyl nitrile. The free radical initiator may be present at from about 0.01 to about 20% by weight of the radiation curable components.

To ensure that the unsaturated ester does not polymerize prior to the addition of the polyisocyanate a free radical inhibitor may be added to the mixture of the saturated polyol and the reactive diluent. Examples of suitable inhibitors include hydroquinone and the methyl ether thereof or butylated hydroxy toluene at a level of from about 5 ppm to about 2000 ppm by weight of the radiation curable components.

The amount of radiation necessary to cure the unsaturated ester will of course depend on the angle of exposure to the radiation, the thickness of the coating to be applied, and the amount of ester in the coating composition as well as the presence or absence of a free radical initiating catalyst. For any given composition experimentation to determine the amount of radiation sensitive pi bonds not cured following exposure to the radiation source is the best method of determining the amount and duration of the radiation required.

Where an isocyanate is included a thermal curing operation is then carried out, preferably between the temperatures of about 0° to about 300° C. preferably from about 20° C. to about 200° C. To operate with a minimal amount of thermal energy expended to form the urethane linkage a catalyst may be used to promote the reaction. Examples of such urethane catalysts include triethylene diamine, morpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, dimethyl piperazine, triethylamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbutane-1,3-diamine, dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous octoate, stannous laurate, dioctyltin diacetate, lead octoate, stannous oleate, stannous tallate, dibutyltin oxide, and hexabutylditin as well as other art recognized urethane catalysts. Typical levels of the urethane catalyst are from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of the urethane linking components.

The amount of time required to effect the thermal cure in the present invention depends as in the case of the radiation cure upon the amount of the thermal cure ingredients, the thickness of the coating, and other factors intrinsic to the system. If the unsaturated ester and the polyisocyanate are included in the compositions on a hydroxyl-isocyanate equivalent basis the rate and completeness of thermal cure may be determined by analyzing for free isocyanate or free hydroxyl presence in the coating. Where more or less than the equivalent amount of the ester or the polyisocyanate is included in the composition the degree of thermal curing is most conveniently measured by determining the presence of the functional group present in excess of the equivalent weight versus the theoretical amount of that component which should be present following the thermal cure. In cases where the thermal cure is not completely affected additional thermal energy may be applied to complete the urethane formation.

It is recommended that experimentation be utilized to determine the proper duration required for the thermal cure. Generally the amount of time required to affect the thermal cure under normal operating conditions will be from about 1 to about 30 preferably from about 5 to about 10 minutes.

Additional components which may be included in the present invention include pigments, dyes, reflective materials and so forth.

EXAMPLE I

The manufacture of the formyloctadecanol of the present invention is accomplished by charging a 1 liter Magne Drive, 316 SS autoclave with 606 grams (2.26 moles) of eleyl alcohol, 3.01 grams of 5% rhodium on alumina and 3 grams (9.68 moles) of triphenylphosphite.

The autoclave is sealed and pressurized to 10 atmospheres with nitrogen under stirring and then vented to atmospheric pressure. The nitrogen purge is repeated twice more to ensure removal of any oxygen present in the autoclave.

The autoclave is then pressurized a third time with premixed carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas in a 1 to 1 molar ratio to 68 atmospheres at which point heating is started. Stirring is manually controlled at 1250 rpm and the uptake of the mixture of the gases starts at about 100 degrees C.

The reaction conditions are then maintained at a temperature of 130 degrees C. and the gas pressure at 70 to 75 atmospheres.

The reaction is substantially complete after 4.6 hours and is determined by the cessation of the gas uptake. The confirmation of completeness of the reaction is obtained by sampling the mixture and determining through gas chromatograph analysis that there is less than 1% of the starting alcohol in the mixture.

The reaction mixture is then cooled to 75 degrees C., vented to atmospheric pressure and purged twice with nitrogen. The contents of the autoclave are then discharged at 75 degrees C. under nitrogen pressure through a pressure filter. The yield of the formyloctadecanol is greater than 90%. Atomic absorption analysis of the filtered product showed 244 ppm of rhodium.

The reaction may be modified by using triphenylphosphine in place of the triphenylphosphite. Alternatively the oleyl alcohol may be substituted for by linoleyl or linolenyl alcohol. The reaction temperature may also be lowered to 90 degrees C. at which point the reaction takes a substantially longer priod of time to proceed. As a second alternative the reaction temperature can be raised to about 170 degrees C. and the reaction time considerably lowered. However, some decomposition of the end product may occur above the 170 degree figure so it should not be exceeded.

In similar fashion the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen may be varied as previously described in the Detailed Description of the Invention and may also be varied between about 20 and 500 atmospheres of pressure. The lower end of the pressure range of course slows the reaction rate down while the higher pressure condition increases the reaction but also increases the probability that some of the starting alcohol will be saturated by the hydrogen.

EXAMPLE II

5.26 moles (1570 grams) of the formyloctadecanol obtained from Example I is charged into a 5 liter glass round bottom reaction flask equipped with a heat exchanger coil, thermocouple, stirrer, addition inlet, reflux condensor and combination glass electrode. A further reaction charge of 695 grams (12.87 moles) of a 55.6% formaldehyde in methanol solution is added under a nitrogen blanket. A 40% solution of sodium hydroxide is made by dissolving 245.7 grams (5.95 moles) of sodium hydroxide in 368 grams of water under a nitrogen blanket. The caustic solution is added to a charge tank and connected to a feed side of a metering pump.

The reaction mixture is heated to 30 degrees C. and the caustic carefully added by means of a metering pump with stirring to adjust the pH to about 10.9. After about forty minutes at 30 degrees C. the addition of the 40% caustic solution is started at a rate of 9.65 milliliters per minute and the temperature of the reaction is increased to 60 degrees C. The addition of caustic required about 45 minutes and the reaction temperature was maintained at 60 degrees C. Gas chromatograph analysis of a sample taken at this time indicated that the reaction was complete and that the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol corresponding to the formyloctadecanol is formed.

The reaction is held for an additional 20 minutes at 60 degrees C. after completion of the caustic addition. The stirring is then stopped and the lower aqueous phase (816 grams) was allowed to separate.

After washing of the crude gem-bis(hydroxymethyl)octadecanol and its drying under vacuum the amount recovered is 1711 grams corresponding to a yield of greater than 90%.

Alternatively linolyl or linolenyl alcohol derivatives of Example I may be employed under similar conditions. The reaction temperature for the production of the bishydroxymethyloctadecanol may also be conveniently varied between 0 degrees C. and 100 degrees C. as previously discussed.

An alternative method of obtaining the bishydroxymethyloctadecanol is to use 6.43 moles of the 55.6% formaldehyde solution thereby yielding the corresponding hydroxymethyl formyloctadecanol as an isolatable product. This material is then reduced through catalytic hydrogenation with copper chromite or through the use of lithium aluminum hydride to give the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl)octadecanol.

EXAMPLE III

The formyl alcohol of Example I is divided into separate streams and one part is converted to the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol of Example II. The second stream is hydrogenated by charging 1928 grams (6.46 moles) of the formyloctadecanol and a slurry of 108 grams of water-wet Raney nickel which has been washed twice with two 100 ml portions of ethanol.

The autoclave (316 SS) is sealed and pressurized to 10 atmospheres of nitrogen with stirring. The autoclave is then vented and then purged twice more with nitrogen to ensure that the oxygen is substantially removed.

The autoclave is then pressurized to 55 atmospheres with hydrogen and stirring is commenced. The temperature is controlled between about 100 degrees C. and 116 degrees C. with the hydrogen uptake complete to give the diol in about 2 hours at a yield of greater than 90%.

The diol is then mixed with the gem-bis(hydroxymethyl) alcohol in the desired proportions to give a liquid product.

EXAMPLE IV

The acrylate ester of 9,9(10,10)-bis-(hydroxymethyl) octadecanol is prepared as follows. One equivalent of the triol is combined with 0.56 moles sodium carbonate in the presence of a small of cuprous chloride (scavenger) and 1.1 aquivalents of acryloyl chloride in toluene.

The acryloyl chloride is added to an ice cooled flask containing the remaining ingredients with the chloride added dropwise over one hour.

The ice bath is then removed and the reaction blask is allowed to warm to 20° C. The flask is then allowed to stand for two hours and is then heated to 90° C. for an additional hour. The mixture is thereafter cooled and washed with water to remove inorganic impurities.

The mixture is then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the toluene driven off. A substantial amount of the acrylates of the triol are observed in the final products. Substantially similar results are obtained when substituting 9(10)-Hydroxymethyloctadecanol for the triol and is found particularly useful when mixed with the triol. Another useful variation is to prepare the corresponding methacrylates as described above.

The above materials are then utilized to formulate liquid (20° C.) coatings for radiation cureable products as previously described.

A higher yield of the ester is obtained by using a Davison molecular sieve grade 564-08-08237 ground to 30 to 60 mesh with an effective pore size of 3 microns to entrain the liberated HCl. 

What is claimed is:
 1. The unsaturated esters of a member selected from the group consisting of an alcohol of the formula:

    CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.m [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.p [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.q (CH.sub.2).sub.r [C(CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 ].sub.s (CH.sub.2).sub.t CH.sub.2 OH

and a diol of the formula:

    H(CH.sub.2).sub.h CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.k CH.sub.2 OH and mixtures thereof

wherein n plus q plus s are integers the sum of which is from 1 to 3, k and t are 3 or greater and m through t are integers the sum of which is from 12 to 20 and h plus k are non-zero integers the sum of which is from 12 to
 20. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester is the acrylate ester.
 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester is the methacrylate ester.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the alcohol and the diol are present in a weight ratio of 1:2 to 100:1.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester of the alcohol is the 9,9(10,10) bis(hydroxymethyl)octadecanol ester.
 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester of the alcohol is a 9,9(10,10); 12,12(13,13) di-[bis(hydroxymethyl)] octadecanol ester.
 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester of the alcohol is a 9,9(10,10); 12,12(13,13); 15,15(16,16) tri-[bis(hydroxymethyl)]octadecanol ester.
 8. The composition of claim 5 which is the acrylate ester.
 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated ester of the diol is the 9(10)-hydroxymethyl octadecanol ester. 